![]() ![]() This is because of the wide range of possible stationary applications resulting in diverse requirements in terms of hydrogen release/absorption rates, pressure and temperature operation of the metal hydride tank. In comparison, storage tanks using solid state hydrogen materials have the potential to store hydrogen at much higher volumetric densities than compressed and liquefied hydrogen ( Table 1), while minimizing the safety risk associated with high pressure hydrogen ( Züttel et al., 2010 Lototskyy et al., 2017).Īlthough MH have been known and studied for more than four decades ( Van Vucht et al., 1970), no consensus has been reached on the optimum metal hydride to be used for hydrogen storage in stationary applications. Hydrogen liquefaction is a very energy intensive process with 30% of the energy loss through the liquefaction process ( von Helmolt and Eberle, 2007). However, the storage of H 2 can also be achieved by liquefaction or as solid state with Metal Hydrides (MH). To date, the storage of H 2 is often achieved by compressing H 2 and this remains the preferred solution owing to the maturity and simplicity of the technology. Recently, increasing trends have been observed toward the installation of power-to-gas systems ( Figure 1), and this suggests a rise in the production of H 2 gas worldwide from renewables. However, owing its versatility, H 2 once produced can also enable paths toward power to gas, gas-to-gas (H 2 refueling), gas-to-heat (H 2 combustion), heat-to-gas (use of the thermal energy released upon H 2 gas storage) ( Parra et al., 2019). In this case, using hydrogen for seasonal storage provides added benefit for decoupling high peak power demand from steady flow of energy in relation to batteries ( Parra et al., 2019). Hydrogen for stationary applications is commonly recognized as a potential power-to-power solution through the integration of electrolysers, H 2 storage tanks and fuel-cell stacks. It has a high energy density per unit mass (142 MJ kg –1) but has a very low volumetric density of 11 m 3 kg –1 at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure ( Züttel, 2003). H 2 is the lightest element in the universe. In comparison, hydrogen (H 2) can provide a solution to store renewable energy with high density. In this context, batteries have gained interest as a potential energy storage solution but the amount of possible stored energy is rather limited by current battery chemistries. However, the intermittency of renewables remains a major limitation. The decreasing cost of renewable energy is providing a path toward sustainable energy systems. In addition, the integration of intermetallic hydrides in vessels, their operation with fuel cells and their use as thermal storage is reviewed. The hydrogen storage properties and synthesis methods to alter the properties of these MH are discussed including the emerging approach of high-entropy alloys. Herein, we discuss the current state-of-art in controlling the properties of room temperature (RT) hydrides suitable for stationary application and their long term behavior in addition to initial activation, their limitations and emerging trends to design better storage materials. ![]() However, the main challenge arises in making the selection of the Metal Hydrides (MH) that are best suited to meet application requirements. Applications of these solid-state hydrides are well-suited to stationary applications. As a result, decades of studies has led to a wide range of hydrides that can store hydrogen in a solid form. With this notion, many efforts have been made to find new ways of storing hydrogen. Hydrogen has been long known to provide a solution toward clean energy systems. MERLin, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.Poojan Modi † Kondo-Francois Aguey-Zinsou *† ![]()
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